Slovo úvodem

prof. MUDr. Ivan Rektor, CSc.

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):243  

Onemocnění hlavových nervů

doc. MUDr. Edvard Ehler, CSc.

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):247  

Diseases affecting the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves

prof.MUDr.Egon Kurča PhD., MUDr.Peter Žiak, PhD., MUDr.Kamil Zeleňák, PhD.

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):248-252  

The review article deals with various causes of impaired structure and function of oculomotor cranial nerves. The oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducent nerve share several common characteristics, but also have various unique features, e.g. those determined by anatomic factors and physiological mechanisms. Particular emphasis is placed on conditions that underlie the development of oculomotor disorders by damaging the nuclear or peripheral parts of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves. On the contrary, the article does not deal with, for example, diseases of the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction or of the oculomotor...

Trigeminal lesions

MUDr.Jolana Marková

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):253-258  

The present review article deals with the trigeminal nerve. Anatomically, the trigeminal nerve (CN V) is a mixed sensory and motor nerve. It divides into three branches: the ophthalmic nerve, the maxillary nerve, and the mandibular nerve. These branches mediate the perception of superficial, dermal, and mucosal sensitivity from the face, the scalp anterior to the interauricular line, the oral and nasal cavities, from the region of the paranasal sinuses, and from the eye. Sensory afferentation passes via the thalamus to the primary sensory cortical areas. Motor central neurons are located in the primary motor cortical area. In terms of motor...

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy

MUDr.Markéta Hudíková, MUDr.Jakub Dršata, Ph.D.

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):259-260  

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy most commonly occurs as a result of iatrogenic injury following thyroid surgery. Unilateral palsy is predominant. The treatment is conservative and surgical, with the latter being different in unilateral and bilateral palsies. In unilateral palsies, phonosurgical procedures aimed at improving the patient's voice are carried out; in bilateral palsies, airway management is of primary importance. In the case of postoperative bilateral palsy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, it is appropriate to consider early surgical revision with a possible release of the nerve or its suture at a specialized centre.

Cranial nerve lesions in children

MUDr.Josef Kraus, CSc., MUDr.Věra Sebroňová, Marie Brožová

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):261-264  

Cranial nerve lesion is a rare condition in children. However, it might be an alarming sign of serious underlying disease such as neoplasm, systemic disease or congenital anomaly. Therefore, careful detailed investigation, neuroimaging and differential diagnosis are essential in children, even if the palsy is isolated. The most frequently verifiable cause of acute peripheral facial palsy in children is Lyme borreliosis. Nearly all are associated with lymphocytic meningitis. Children with idiopathic palsy have a very good prognosis.

Painful diabetic neuropathy - evidence-based therapy

doc.MUDr.Edvard Ehler, CSc., MUDr.Jan Latta

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):265-269  

Painful diabetic neuropathy developes in 16 % of all diabetics and in 40–50 % of diabetics with previously diagnosed diabetic neuropathy. Various medicaments are used in treatment of neuropatic pain in painful diabetic neuropathy: antidepressants, anticonvulsants, opioids, topically administered drugs, other medicaments and non-pharmacological procedures. According to evidence of pain-relieving effects in painful diabetic neuropathy there were evaluted more than 2000 citations, the titles and abstracts of which 79 were chosen, that fulfilled all the criteria of evaluating panel (from AAN – American Academy of Neurology). The highest...

Importance of early diagnosis and treatment in the life perspective of patients with multiple sclerosis

doc.MUDr.Jan Mareš, Ph.D.

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):270-274  

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease with a varying degree of neurodegeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). The clinical presentation is determined by dissemination of inflammatory lesions in the CNS and the degree of brain atrophy. An isolated and abrupt development of focal neurological signs consistent with a possible development of MS is referred to as clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). Since early stages of the disease, processes take place that result in permanent axonal loss correlating with the severity of clinical disease. Important facts supporting early treatment particularly include the...

Genetic testing in idiopathic epileptic syndromes and epileptic encephalopathies - part II

MUDr.Hana Krijtová, doc.MUDr.Petr Marusič, Ph.D.

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):275-278  

Molecular genetic diagnostic methods have recently very quickly advanced, their yield has simultaneously increased and the cost decreased. Both physicians and common population have become more aware of possible genetic reasons for epilepsy and demands for genetic testing of patients with epilepsy have increased too. But despite the progress in identification of genes contributing to different epileptic syndromes the utility of genetic tests in clinical epileptology is often controversial. This second part of our article provides recent genetic information on idiopathic epileptic syndromes and epileptic encephalopathies with identified genetic...

The neuropsychiatric basis of placebo/nocebo phenomena

prof.MUDr.Peter Kukumberg, PhD.

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):279-282  

Due to advances in imaging technology (PET, fMRI) and neuropsychopharmacological knowledge, there has been a shift in the understanding of the ancient phenomena of "placebo and nocebo" from empirical to a more scientifically exact level with surprising findings. Both the phenomena have neurotopically distributed territories, neurotransmitter coverage (particularly with the opioid, dopamine, and cholecystokinin systems). The placebo effect may be inhibited by naloxone while the nocebo phenomenon by using proglumide. The mechanisms accepted in these reactions are the processes of expectation (of a reward) as well as complicated Pavlov's principles...

Selected Psychosocial Aspects of Child with Cerebral Palsy

PhDr.Iveta Ondriová, PhD., doc.MUDr.Eleonóra Klímová, PhD., PhDr.Ľudmila Majerníková, PhD.

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):284-287  

Cerebral palsy refers to a collection of motor impairments which result in abnormal posture and movement following an insult or damage to the developing brain. Psychological adjustment in children with cerebral palsy is sufficient evidence to suggest that children with cerebral palsy are at increased risk for psychological problems. The types of difficulties they experience include emotional, hyperactivity and peer problems with conduct disorder being more prevalent in mildly affected children. The origins of psychological problems in this group are complex but include ‘disease’ and ‘psychosocial’ factors related to...

Surprising laboratory findings in CSF

MUDr.Martina Koudelková, doc.MUDr.Pavel Adam, CSc., MUDr.Ondřej Sobek, CSc.

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):288-290  

This report covers two casuistries, where the importance of cerebrospinal fluid examination is presented in wider frame of differential diagnostics. The first case report is concerned with a finding of malignant cells on qualitative cytological examination of CSF in a patient with a suspected primary lymphoma of CNS. The second case report describes a female patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, where detailed cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed a coincidence with neuroboreliosis.

Spontaneous dissection of basilar artery as a rare cause of cerebral infarction

MUDr.David Goldemund, MUDr.Jaroslav Brichta, MUDr.Jiří Vaníček, MUDr.Michal Reif

Neurol. praxi. 2012;13(5):292-294  

The case report presents a female patient with an acute cerebral event due to underlying spontaneous dissection of an intracranial artery. It is a relatively rare and apparently underdiagnosed cause of stroke. The pitfalls of diagnosis and treatment of this condition are discussed.